The Special Committee Investigating the National Defense Program, often referred to as the "Butler Committee" after its chairman, Senator Robert A. Taft, was a United States Senate committee established in 1941 to investigate the national defense program. While its initial focus was broader, it became significantly associated with its investigation into the circumstances surrounding the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

The committee's investigation sought to determine whether the attack could have been prevented and identify any failures of intelligence, military preparedness, or leadership. Their work was extensive, encompassing interviews, document reviews, and hearings. The Butler Committee's final report, published in 1946, concluded that there had been significant failures in intelligence gathering and communication, contributing to the surprise nature of the attack. However, the report did not explicitly assign blame to specific individuals.

The committee's findings remain controversial. While some historians support its conclusions regarding intelligence failures, others criticize its perceived lack of incisiveness and its failure to hold specific individuals accountable. The Butler Committee's work significantly shaped public perception of the events leading up to Pearl Harbor and continues to be studied and debated by scholars of World War II and American military history.

Further research into the Butler Committee can be conducted through archives such as the National Archives and academic publications on the Pearl Harbor attack. Specific details of the committee's findings and reports can be found in various historical sources and books focusing on the Pearl Harbor attack.